高级会计学第9版习题答案

CHAPTER 9STANDARD COSTING:A MANAGERIAL CONTROL TOOLQUESTIONS FOR WRITING AND DISCUSSIONStandard costs are essentially budgeted amounts on a per-unitUnit standards serve as inputs in buildingUnit standards are used to build flexibleUnit standards for variable costs are the variable cost component of a flexible budgetingThe quantity decision is determining how much input should be used per unit of out- The pricing decision determines how much should be paid for the quantity of inputHistorical experience is often a poor choice for establishing standards because the his-torical amounts may include more inefficien-cy than isEngineering studies can serve as important input to standardMany feel that this approach by itself may produce standards that are tooIdeal standards are perfection standards, representing the best possibleCurrently attainable standards are standards that are challenging but allow someCurrently attainable standards are often chosen because many feel they tend to mo-tivate rather thanStandard costing systems improve planning and control and facilitate productBy identifying standards and assessing deviations from the standards, managers can locate areas where change or corrective behavior isActual costing assigns actual manufacturing costs toNormal costing assigns actual prime costs and estimated overhead costs toStandard costing assigns estimated manufacturing costs toA standard cost sheet presents the standard amount of and price for each input and uses this information to calculate the unit standardManagers generally tend to have more con-trol over the quantity of an input used rather than the price paid per unit ofA standard cost variance should be investi-gated if the variance is material and if the benefit of investigating and correcting the deviation is greater than theControl limits indicate how large a variance must be before it is judged to be material and the process is out ofControl limits are usually set by judgment although statistical approaches are occasionallyThe materials price variance is often com-puted at the point of purchase rather than is-suance because it provides control informa-tionD A materials usage variance can be caused by factors beyond the control of the production manager, , purchase of a lower-quality material thanD Using higher-priced workers to perform lower-skilled tasks is an example of an event that will create a rate variance that isSome possible causes of an unfavorable labor efficiency variance are inefficient labor, machine downtime, and poor qualityPart of a variable overhead spending va-riance can be caused by inefficient use of overheadA This variance, assuming that variable overhead costs increase as labor usage in-creases, is caused by the efficiency or inefficiency of laborFixed overhead costs are either committed orThe committed costs will not differ by their veryDiscretionary costs can vary, but the level the company wants to spend on these items is decided at the beginning and usually will be met unless there is a conscious decision to change the predeterminedThe volume variance is caused by the actual volume differing from the expected volume used to compute the predetermined stan-dard fixed overheadIf the actual vo-lume is different from the expected, then the company has either lost or earned a contri-butionThe volume variance signals this outcome, and if the variance is large, then the loss or gain is large since the vo-lume variance understates theThe spending variance is moreThis variance is computed by comparing ac-tual expenditures with budgeted expendi- The volume variance simply tells whether the actual volume is different from the expected